Disarming Fear: Debunking Myths of Defensive Gun Use

Introduction

On Wednesday, April 12, 2023, a Walmart employee shot and wounded a pregnant woman accused of shoplifting in Tennessee.¹ The next day in Missouri, a 16-year-old boy was shot and wounded after ringing the doorbell at the wrong house when trying to pick up his brothers.² Three days later, a woman was shot and killed in New York after pulling into the wrong driveway.³ Two days after that, two cheerleaders were shot and wounded after one mistakenly got into the wrong car outside a supermarket in Texas.⁴

Each of these incidents, over the course of one week, was reported as an act of defensive gun use, a story of avoidable violence, and a case study in the subjective perception of safety and fear that has the potential to determine another person’s fate.

Americans are buying more and more guns⁵ and increasingly citing self-protection as a major reason for doing so.⁶ Over time, views and perceptions of the need for protection have changed considerably: The proportion of gun owners who cite protection as a main reason to own a gun has nearly tripled from 1999 to 2023. Now, nearly three in four gun owners feel this way.⁷

In times of uncertainty, political and social unrest, and increased fear of being victimized, some people may judge the world to be a dangerous place and believe they need a gun to be safe.⁸ Some have undoubtedly been helped to this conclusion by the drumbeat of TV, magazine, and social media campaigns from the gun lobby, baldly claiming that defensive gun use is common and that the only thing standing between law-abiding citizens and a dark, violence-filled world is a loaded gun, always at the ready to be deployed to protect self, property, and family. But no one who purchases a gun pictures themselves shooting a pregnant woman for shoplifting, a teenage boy looking for his brother, a lost woman in their driveway, or cheerleaders in a parking lot. Knowing the facts of defensive gun use are critical for making sound personal and social decisions.

In this report, Everytown for Gun Safety presents a more accurate and clearer understanding of defensive gun use by analyzing the federal National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)⁹ to determine the frequency of defensive use of firearms.¹⁰ We draw on the decades of excellent work on this topic by research scientists and legal scholars,¹¹ as well as on research showing the individual and societal impact of firearms on rates of injury and death from unintentional shootings, homicides, and suicides. We find that defensive gun use is exceedingly rare, often deployed against unarmed perpetrators, and often accompanied by underappreciated personal and social risks, including loss of life and property.

KEY FINDINGS
Using the National Crime Victimization Survey from 2019 to 2023 and other federal data sources, we find that:¹

With most gun owners citing protection as their reason to own a firearm, it’s important to put the risks into perspective.
- Homicides, assaults, and home invasions are all down in the United States, having fallen significantly since pandemic highs.
- Residential break-ins involving an armed stranger and someone at home account for fewer than 1 percent of all crime incidents in the United States.
- In 94 percent of personal or property crime incidents, the suspect is not armed with a gun.
In response to these thankfully uncommon incidents, we find that victims rarely use a gun for defense, either in their homes or outside:
- Defensive gun uses occur in fewer than 1 percent of all personal and property crimes. An estimated 69,000 defensive gun use incidents happen each year in the United States—a likely overestimate of defensive gun uses.
While rare, we find that in a high proportion of these cases, using a gun not only doesn’t protect people and property, but also causes harm and sometimes fatalities.
- Crime victims who respond with a gun are 2.5 times less likely to get away from the offender than those who respond without one and 10 percent less likely to avoid injury.
- Nearly 13 percent of those who used their gun defensively in a crime lose property, more than those who defend themselves in other ways.
- Keeping a gun in one’s home comes with broader risks, including injury and death from unintentional shootings, school shootings, suicides, and intimate partner homicides.

Defensive gun use (DGU) involves brandishing or shooting a gun to defend oneself, others, or property against a threat or ongoing crime.¹ The National Research Council explains that self-defense can be an “ambiguous term”² because of one’s subjective determination of the threat.

Debunking Myths of Defensive Gun Use with the Facts

Myth 1: Society is under constant threat of violence.

If you are listening to the gun industry’s advertisements, some cable news channels, and plenty of social media influencers, the answer is yes, every corner of the United States is dangerous. This fear was fueled by the gun industry during COVID-19, with the NRA using many different platforms to encourage gun ownership for self-protection. Videos posted on X (formerly Twitter), for example, use messaging like this:

“You might be stockpiling up on food right now to get through this current crisis. But if you aren’t preparing to defend your property when everything goes wrong, you’re really just stockpiling for somebody else.”¹

Such fear-provoking messaging has long-urged Americans to have a gun at the ready to defend themselves against “Riots. Terrorists. Gangs. Lone criminals”² in the streets or at home. This bleak worldview, crafted by the gun industry, relies on stark depictions of riots, civil unrest, violent crime, and home invasions or violent intruders to portray the world as a dangerous place.³

These narratives are reflected in the steady decline of “Gun Culture 1.0,” focused on hunting and recreational shooting, and transition to “Gun Culture 2.0,” centering home and personal protection through armed citizenship and the legal carrying of concealed weapons in public.⁴ Researchers have shown that targeted advertisements in magazines such as The American Rifleman and Guns are increasingly promoting the idea that a firearm is essential for survival in a dangerous society, with defensive gun use advertisements superseding those for hunting and recreational use.⁵ Selling fear masks the reality of crime trends and the social and personal risks of firearms.

Fact 1: Communities across America are becoming safer each year.

The facts do not support the world of violence portrayed by the gun industry. In reality, violent crime has recently been trending downward: FBI data shows that annual homicides decreased by 12 percent in 2023 from 2022, and by 23 percent through June 2024 in comparison to the same period in the previous year.⁶ Assault-related gun deaths and injuries have followed similar trends, declining by 20 percent and 14 percent, respectively, compared to peak levels in 2021.⁷ Additionally, home invasions fell by more than 30 percent between 2019 and 2023.⁸ While defensive gun use (DGU) is often framed as a way to protect against crime, the continued decline in violent and property crime reveals a growing disconnect between perceived risk and actual threat.

Before examining incidents involving the defensive use of a gun, it’s important to understand more broadly the landscape of armed street encounters and residential break-ins, a primary reason people give for keeping a firearm on their person or nightstand. To contextualize this fear, we use the NCVS to estimate violent home invasions from 2019 through 2023, those where the offender was armed, and how many involved DGUs in this period.

We find that attacks from armed strangers are rare:

Personal and property crimes impact a small fraction of the US population: Each year between 2019 and 2023, fewer than 3 percent⁹ of the US population are affected by personal and property crimes—both violent and nonviolent.
Most suspects are not armed: In 94 percent of these personal or property crime incidents, the suspect was not armed with a gun.
Most suspects are not strangers in crimes at home: In two-thirds of home incidents,¹⁰ the victim(s) knew the suspect(s).¹¹
Crime incidents at home involving an armed stranger are rare: Fewer than 1 percent of all crime incidents where the victim was present involved such cases.

Characteristics of personal and property crime in the United States

Source: Everytown Research analysis of the National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019–2023 pooled.

Myth #2: Guns are commonly used for self-defense.

The number of times a gun is reported to be used defensively varies widely, in part because we do not have a definitive data source for this type of gun use, and in part because a defensive action can be highly subjective. Research has shown that people who report defensive gun use may not be acting in response to a genuine criminal threat or the incident may not constitute lawful self-defense.¹² For example, a teenage boy returning from a party runs out of gas at 2 a.m. and, along with his friend, knocks on a neighbor’s door for help. The homeowner, fearing this late-night knock and still half-asleep, shoots the teenager at close range, killing him. Is this a crime, or is it a legal use of a firearm for self-defense? Either way, NCVS counts this a DGU, and determining whether DGUs are legal or illegal can only be answered through police investigation and the criminal justice system.

The myth that DGU is common started with a series of phone surveys conducted in the 1990s. These surveys estimated that defensive gun use incidents occur between 760,000 and 3.6 million times annually.¹³ But these estimates are highly flawed and have been repeatedly debunked.¹⁴ The NRA frequently references a 1993 survey conducted by Gary Kleck and Matt Gertz,¹⁵ which suggested that guns were used defensively in approximately 845,000 burglaries that year.¹⁶ But the numbers don’t add up. Victimization surveys from that year¹⁷ show that there were 1.3 million burglaries when someone was home,¹⁸ and only 42 percent of households at that time owned firearms.¹⁹ For the 1993 survey to be accurate, an impossibility would need to have occurred: burglary victims would have to have used their guns for self-defense in over 100 percent of incidents.²⁰

A second impossibility from the Kleck and Gertz survey is related to the number of times someone was killed or wounded in a defensive gun use incident. The survey claims that 8.3 percent of these defensive uses involved a person who was killed or wounded.²¹ This means 207,000 shootings per year.²² Yet the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported 143,985 total fatal and nonfatal shootings in 1993.²³ Again, the numbers do not add up.

Most recently, political economist William English’s estimate of DGU from his 2021 National Firearms Survey²⁴—a paper that was self-published and never appeared in a peer-reviewed journal—has been cited by the gun lobby and in the courts.²⁵ English did not disclose in his paper that he has served as a paid expert for the NRA, and eminent social scientists have widely criticized his findings.²⁶ His research methodology, in which he estimated 1.67 million annual DGUs,²⁷ suffers from many of the classic pitfalls of weak survey design, including asking questions with leading statements, relying on poor recall over the lifetime of respondents who averaged 48 years old, and other serious methodological flaws.²⁸ It’s not surprising, then, that his estimate is 24 times our estimated annual number of DGUs based on the federal NCVS, as explained below.²⁹

Fact #2: Defensive gun use is rare.

To understand how frequently DGUs actually occur, we used NCVS, the primary data source on crime victimization in the United States. The NCVS asks people whether they were the victim of a crime over the past six months, regardless of whether it was reported to the police or not. As such, it is a unique source of information about victimization beyond FBI and other crime statistics. Analyzing data in NCVS, we learn that people rarely use a gun for defense against personal or property crimes, either in their home or outside:

Defensive gun use occurs in fewer than 1 percent of all personal and property crimes. Our analysis of NCVS data show an estimated 69,000 defensive gun use incidents happened each year between 2019 and 2023 in the United States. This number is less than 1 percent of all personal and property crime incidents, and likely overestimates lawful DGU.
In the majority of these uses, suspected perpetrators are unarmed. In fact, 58 percent of perpetrators are not armed with any weapon. In eight out of 10 DGUs, the suspected perpetrator is not armed with a gun.³⁰
Defensive gun use at home against a stranger is rare: DGUs in the victim’s home against a stranger armed with a gun is so rarely reported in the NCVS that it cannot be estimated, even for the whole country.

Our analysis shows that defensive gun use is very uncommon. Other researchers have confirmed this finding.³¹ A recent estimate from researchers at the State University of New York–Albany and University of California–Irvine shows that incidents of DGU for personal or property crimes across four periods from 1987 to 2021 ranged from 61,000 to 65,000 incidents annually.³² A Rutgers School of Public Health 2024 survey shows that fewer than 1 percent of respondents reported any form of defensive gun use in the past year.³³ These estimates are a far cry from the 3 million defensive gun uses frequently cited by gun lobby advocates, including by the Founder of Women for Gun Rights in a US House Judiciary hearing on March 4, 2025.³⁴

Myth #3: Defensive gun use can effectively protect you.

In the United States, most gun owners now cite self-protection as a major reason for owning a firearm. A 2023 Pew Research survey found that nearly three-quarters of firearm owners listed this as a major reason for owning a gun.³⁵ This is in stark contrast to the mid-1990s, when most people said their main motivation was recreational use such as hunting.³⁶ This shift comes at a time of surging gun sales,³⁷ and the uptick is no coincidence.

The gun lobby has promoted the idea that firearms are essential for immediate protection, advancing fear-driven narratives like, “When seconds count, police are minutes away” and “Be your own first responder.”³⁸ This reinforces the belief that a firearm is both necessary and effective for self-protection and for minimizing injury or property loss. Recent analyses of gun advertisements targeting women show that this messaging normalizes defensive gun use as the first and only line of defense for protecting their homes and children, and against assaults by strangers.³⁹

The NRA has amplified the research of Gary Kleck and John Lott to support the claim that defensive gun use can effectively protect you. Kleck argues that DGU is generally effective to prevent injury and property loss, citing his research that found forceful tactics, including resistance with a gun, has the strongest effects on reducing risk of injury.⁴⁰ Based on these findings, he contends that laws restricting a victim’s ability to use a gun defensively “impairs their capacity for effective self-protection and increases the likelihood of the victims suffering injury or property loss.”⁴¹ Similarly, John Lott claims that having a gun is the most effective means of self-protection, especially for vulnerable populations such as women and the elderly.⁴² However, as we will show, and other researchers have shown: Owning a gun for defensive use comes with significant risks and does not reduce the likelihood of harm compared to other protective actions such as running away, driving away, or calling law enforcement.⁴³

Fact #3: Using a gun for self-defense is no more effective than other forms of protection.

To prove the claim that guns offer the most effective protection to be true, a person using a gun defensively must be more likely to walk away unharmed and to better avoid property loss than someone who doesn’t respond with a gun. We would expect less harm, and better outcomes. Everytown’s analysis of NCVS data show that this is not the reality:⁴⁴

More harm in DGU scenarios: Crime victims who responded with a gun were less likely to get away from the offender than those who responded without one (7 percent with a gun compared to 18 percent without) and less likely to avoid injury (39 percent compared to 44 percent).⁴⁵
Slightly worse outcomes defending property: While doing nothing in response to a criminal incident is most likely to result in losses, nearly 13 percent of those who used their gun to defend themselves in a crime lost property; of those who defended themselves in other ways, just under 10 percent lost property.

Crime victims who used a gun were more likely to experience harm.

Source: Everytown Research analysis of the National Crime Victimization Survey, 2019–2023 pooled.
Note: 95 percent confidence intervals are in brackets.

Myth #4: Having a gun in your home makes you and your family safer.

The gun lobby continues to urge people to protect themselves and their families with firearms, in response to the perceived threat of a break-in or violent intrusion from a stranger. Owning a gun is a response some choose when driven by the fear that a stranger will harm their loved ones. In particular, the gun lobby is increasingly pulling at the heartstrings of parents and women, encouraging them to see firearm ownership as a form of protection for their children. A recent analysis of Guns & Ammo magazine found that gun advertisements depict women as defenseless, vulnerable, and incapable of safeguarding their families without a firearm. Researchers have shown that taglines such as “Built for Defense,” “Empower Yourself,” and “Personal Home Defense for Women” position women as heroes and domestic defenders, whose strength is tied to gun ownership.⁴⁶

The narrative that a firearm will give people the ability to become domestic defenders is further reinforced through safety planning strategies crafted by the gun industry. Even though Everytown’s analysis above shows that personal and property crimes are uncommon and declining, and that DGU against a stranger is extremely uncommon, the gun lobby continues to insist that a firearm is integral to safety planning. The NRA’s home invasion strategies include carrying a firearm on your person inside the home, keeping loaded guns readily accessible, storing firearms in every room in the home, and teaching children how to use them.⁴⁷ Normalizing these tactics presents an illusion of preparedness that ignores the risks that firearms pose to family members.

Fact #4: Guns in the home increase risks for young people and for women in abusive relationships.

A 3-year-old boy, at home with his 5-year-old brother, died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound in Hammond, Louisiana, at 1 pm in July 2024. The toddler found his father’s loaded, unsecured gun under a mattress.⁴⁸

In addition to the tragedies of mistaken identities or impulsive reaction shootings out of fear,⁴⁹ research has shown that keeping a gun in one’s home comes with broader risks, including injury and death from unintentional shootings, suicides, homicides, and intimate partner abuse and death. These guns kept for self-defense, when not securely stored, can be particularly perilous for young people. Nearly every day in the United States, a child under 18 finds a loaded gun and unintentionally shoots themself or someone else, often a sibling or friend over for a playdate.⁵⁰ And nearly 80 percent of firearm suicides by children 17 or younger involve a gun owned by a family member.⁵¹ Firearms are also transferred outside of the home: In three out of four of the shootings plaguing our schools, the firearms came from the home of a parent or close relative.⁵² The reality is that the guns bought by parents to protect their families can erode safety in our schools and put young people at risk.

And the risk to women in abusive relationships is grave: Domestic abusers with a gun are five times more likely to kill their female victims.⁵³. In fact, women in the US are 28 times more likely to die by firearm homicide than women in peer nations, ⁵⁴ and intimate partner violence (three in 10 firearm homicides of women) drives these numbers.⁵⁵ Access to firearms in the home amplifies the power and control of an abuser over their intimate partner, and children are often deeply traumatized as they witness or live with these patterns of threats and violence.⁵⁶ As shown above, the gun lobby’s solution to prevent such violence is to arm women with guns,⁵⁷ but that firearm is far more likely to be used against her than by her.⁵⁸

Myth #5: An armed society is a safe society.

The gun lobby has promoted a worldview of constant threat from various enemies, including criminals, government regulations, and tyranny, and an armed society can protect us from these dangers.⁵⁹ A cornerstone for the NRA’s agenda to expand the presence of firearms in more places rests on the widely discredited research conducted by John Lott, who claims that more guns in society lead to less crime, and therefore, communities are safer when free from government restrictions on gun ownership and gun carrying.⁶⁰ However, social scientists have shown that his methodology is flawed⁶¹ and have reached an opposite conclusion: more guns in society are associated with more violent crime.⁶²

Despite this, the gun lobby continues to cite Lott’s findings to justify their legislative push for laws that allow people to carry concealed guns in public spaces without a permit, background check, or safety training. This has led to a divide across the nation on gun policy, with some states enacting gun safety laws to prevent shooting injuries and death, while others repeal safety laws including by allowing people to carry concealed, loaded guns in public with no permit, training, or background check.

Fact #5: Defensive gun use can lead to deadly outcomes in society.

If access to guns made society safer, America would be the safest country on earth. Instead, the United States has both the highest rate of civilian gun ownership in the world⁶³ and a gun homicide rate 26 times that of our peer high-income nations.⁶⁴ In contrast to the NRA’s claim that gun laws make us less safe, a study of 50 gun safety laws across the 50 states finds that states with the weakest gun safety laws have a gun death rate two and a half times higher than states that are national gun safety leaders.⁶⁵ And in particular, research shows that more guns in public spaces lead to violent crimes: states that have weakened their firearm permitting system have experienced a 13 to 15 percent increase in violent crime rates.⁶⁶

One type of law that is important for this issue are Shoot First laws,⁶⁷ which encourage people to take on self-appointed neighborhood watch roles and sometimes use violence as a first—not last—resort. Multiple studies have confirmed that Shoot First laws do not prevent violent crime; rather, there is ample evidence that these laws are associated with increases in firearm homicides.⁶⁸ We saw how these laws can encourage self-deputization when Ahmaud Arbery lost his life while jogging in his neighborhood, a Georgia suburb.⁶⁹ Armed vigilantes who may determine that another person poses a threat, confront them, and introduce a gun into the mix, can use deadly force on a whim, like the father and son who killed Mr. Arbery.⁷⁰ The result can be deadly. We have to ask ourselves, is this the society that we want to live in?

Society suffers when these laws make it hard to hold shooters accountable. They also confuse the public about lawful self-defense.⁷¹ Research has shown that justifiable homicides increased by 55 percent in states with Shoot First laws, in comparison to a 20 percent increase in states without these laws.⁷² The outcome of these cases cannot be disentangled from race: In states with Shoot First laws, homicides in which white shooters kill Black victims are deemed justifiable four times more frequently, compared to three times as often in other states.⁷³ Racial biases and other forms of prejudice can lead people to perceive individuals from certain identities and backgrounds as dangerous, even if there is no threat or crime.

Ways to Protect Yourself and Others

“Can I stop a bad guy with a gun because I am a good guy with a gun?” Studies of firearm-involved incidents say no. It is more common for active shooters to be neutralized by unarmed civilians than armed civilians.⁷⁴ The best solution for preventing catastrophic situations is to hold shooters accountable, to implement proven interventions such as passing common-sense gun laws like extreme risk laws and background checks on all gun sales, and to make investments in evidence-informed violence intervention programs and initiatives that eliminate structural and racial inequities and other root causes of gun violence.

“How else can I protect my home and family?” There are affordable and effective systems for protecting one’s property and loved ones that do not require a firearm. Outdoor protective measures include fences, alarm systems, motion-sensor lighting, doorbell cameras, and landscaping. Security solutions indoors can include having a dog and being careful on social media about your whereabouts and personal possessions.⁷⁵

“Where and how will I store my gun?” Secure storage is essential, even if a gun is owned for self-protection. Gun owners are often concerned that secure storage will defeat the purpose of owning a gun for self-defense, since they might need it loaded and ready at a moment’s notice. Yet, it can take mere seconds to retrieve a securely stored gun and load it. Further, these seconds can be instrumental for gathering composure, especially if one was asleep, helping gun owners to avoid reflex reactions. Experts recommend that guns be stored unloaded, locked, and separate from ammunition. And several states require guns to be stored securely any time they are not in the owner’s possession. There are many affordable secure storage options that still allow quick access to a gun.

“Should I attend a training course?” Every gun owner should complete firearm safety training. While many gun owners (61 percent)⁷⁶ have taken some formal firearm training, only 10 states⁷⁷ require training prior to purchasing a gun. This training can teach a person how to handle a gun safely, shoot accurately, and build decision-making skills. Research has found, however, that some training classes can lead to socialization into a subculture that believes the world is a dangerous place, and killing another human being in self-defense is a moral action that saves lives.⁷⁸ Dialogue in training courses and by instructors should never fuel fear or condition people to disassociate from the lethality of their weapon and their role in killing another human being.

“Do I understand my state’s Castle Doctrine?” Generally, if someone breaks into your home or threatens to kill or injure you or your family in your home, you are justified in using force without having to try to retreat first. This longstanding principle is commonly known as the “Castle Doctrine.” However, Castle Doctrine laws differ across states. While the Castle Doctrine provides a presumption that deadly force was justified in some circumstances, it does not automatically allow the use of deadly force in your home in all cases. The police will investigate and, depending on the circumstances, you could still face arrest and prosecution for using deadly force against another person.

“Do I need to carry my gun in public?” Every gun owner should think carefully about carrying their gun outside their home. First, without a gun, you may be more likely to find a nonviolent way to de-escalate a situation.⁷⁹ When guns are used defensively in robberies, thefts, domestic disputes, and unarmed home invasions, they often place innocent people at risk of being shot.⁸⁰ Additionally, hundreds of thousands of guns are stolen each year, and they have been recovered at the scenes of violent crimes.⁸¹ Everytown’s recent analysis of gun thefts revealed that nearly 112,000 guns were reported stolen in small- to large-sized cities across 44 states in 2022 alone. And cars are the most common source of stolen guns in the US.⁸² More people carrying guns in public, and firearm theft from cars, can also complicate the work of police. As a gun owner, you can safeguard your family and community most by keeping your gun out of the hands of the wrong person.

Conclusion

In a world that can feel uncertain, firearm ownership may provide a sense of security and peace of mind, offering reassurance that you can keep your loved ones safe. While protecting your family from the threat of strangers coming into your home is important, it turns out this threat is statistically very rare. But the risks your gun poses from within your own home, or of a knee-jerk reaction to a sound or movement that turns into a grave error, are real. As illustrated above, they can be responsible for a tragic mistake driven by fear that forever changes a family’s life. And when we think about the impact on children, firearms are the top cause of death for youth in America.⁸³ Nearly 80 percent of guns used in youth suicides belong to a family member.⁸⁴ And many Americans are stunned to learn that nearly every day in the United States, a child under 18 finds a loaded gun and unintentionally shoots themself or someone else, often a sibling or another young person.⁸⁵ The reality is that guns in the home, especially when not securely stored, can increase the risk of harm, and even death, for all family members.

Everytown Research & Policy is a program of Everytown for Gun Safety Support Fund, an independent, non-partisan organization dedicated to understanding and reducing gun violence. Everytown Research & Policy works to do so by conducting methodologically rigorous research, supporting evidence-based policies, and communicating this knowledge to the American public.

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