States that were permitless in 2022 had 27 percent more deaths and injuries in road rage incidents involving a gun than states that required a permit but did not give law enforcement broad authority to deny an application.

Sarah Burd-Sharps, Paige Tetens, and Jay Szkola, “Road Rage Shootings Are Continuing to Surge,” Everytown for Gun Safety Support Fund, March 20, 2023, https://everytownresearch.org/reports-of-road-rage-shootings-are-on-the-rise/