States that abandoned strong concealed carry permitting systems—including those with live firearm training requirements—for permitless carry from 1981 to 2019 saw an average 32 percent increase in gun assaults.
Mitchell Doucette et al., “Deregulation of Public Civilian Gun Carrying and Violent Crimes: A Longitudinal Analysis 1981-2019,” Criminology & Public Policy 23 (2024): 833–61, https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12638.