Adopting a permitless law increased the rate of fatal shootings by police in states on average by 13 percent above what was expected had the law not been adopted.
Mitchell Doucette et al., “Officer-Involved Shootings and Concealed Carry Weapons Permitting Laws: Analysis of Gun Violence Archive Data, 2014–2020,” Journal of Urban Health 99 (2022): 373–84, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-022-00627-5.